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Val Plumwood (11 August 1939 – 29 February 2008) was an Australian ecofeminist philosopher and activist known for her work on anthropocentrism. From the 1970s she played a central role in the development of radical ecosophy, along with her second husband, the philosopher Richard Sylvan. Working mostly as an independent scholar, she held posts at universities in Australia and the United States, and at the time of her death was Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University.〔("Val Plumwood (11 August 1939 – 29 February 2008)" ), ''International Society for Environmental Ethics''.〕 She is included in Routledge's ''Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment'' (2001).〔Nicholas Griffin, "Val Plumwood, 1939–", in Joy Palmer (ed.), ''Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment'', London: Routledge, 2001, pp. 283–288.〕 Plumwood spent her academic life arguing against the "hyperseparation" of humans from the rest of nature, and what she called the "standpoint of mastery": a reason/nature dualism in which the natural world (including women, indigenous people and non-humans) is subordinated to anything associated with reason.〔Martin Mulligan, Stuart Hill, ''Ecological Pioneers'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. (274–300 ).〕〔Victoria Davion, "Introduction," ''Ethics and the Environment,'', 14(2), Special Issue on Ecofeminism in Honor of Val Plumwood, Fall 2009. 〕 Plumwood was the author or co-author of five books and over 100 papers on logic, metaphysics, the environment and ecofeminism.〔("Val Plumwood" ), Social and Political Theory Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, archived 21 November 2008.〕 ''The Fight for the Forests'' (1973), co-authored with Sylvan, was described in 2014 as the most comprehensive analysis of Australian forestry to date.〔Joe Gelonesi, ("Two lives, green and logical" ), "The Philosophers Zone," ABC, 20 April 2014; (audio ), from c. 3:00 mins for the book.〕 Her ''Feminism and the Mastery of Nature'' (1993) is regarded as a classic, and her ''Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason'' (2002) was said to have marked her as "one of the most brilliant environmental thinkers of our time."〔Patsy Hallen, "Review: ''Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason'' by Val Plumwood," ''Ethics and the Environment'', 7(2), Autumn 2002, pp. 181–184. 〕 Her posthumously published ''The Eye of the Crocodile'' (2012), emerged from her survival of a crocodile attack in 1985, first described in her essay "Being Prey" (1996).〔 The experience offered her a glimpse of the world "from the outside," a "Heraclitiean universe" in which she was food like any other creature. It was a world that was indifferent to her and would continue without her, where "being in your body is ... like having a volume out from the library, a volume subject to more or less instant recall by other borrowers—who rewrite the whole story when they get it."〔Val Plumwood, (''The Eye of the Crocodile'' ), edited by Lorraine Shannon, Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2012, p. 35.〕 == Biography == Plumwood was born Val Morell to parents whose home was a shack with walls made of hessian sacks dipped in cement. The parents had set up home in the Terrey Hills, near the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, south of Sydney, as a result of a land grant. Her father worked at first as a hod carrier, then started a small poultry farm. Martin Mulligan and Stuart Hill write that the natural beauty of the area made up for Plumwood's lack of toys.〔 The poultry farm failed, and when she was ten the family moved to Collaroy, another northern Sydney suburb, where her father found work in the civil service, then to Kogarah in southern Sydney.〔Mulligan and Hill 2001, p. 282.〕 She attended St George Girls High School in Kogarah, where she was dux of the school.〔Alan Saunders, ("Philosophy and the Natural World - Val Plumwood" ), "The Philosophers Zone," ABC, 15 March 2008 ((audio ), c. 2:40 mins.〕 She received a scholarship to study philosophy at the University of Sydney, but her studies were interrupted when she married a fellow student, John Macrae, when she was 18.〔〔Mulligan and Hill 2001, p. 283.〕 They were divorced by the time she was 21. The marriage produced two children, both of whom died young. Their son, John Macrae, was born in 1958 when Plumwood was 19, and died in 1988 after an illness; their daughter, Caitlin Macrae, born in 1960 and given up for adoption, was murdered in her teens.〔Freya Mathews, Kate Rigby, Deborah Rose, "Introduction," in Val Plumwood, (''The Eye of the Crocodile'' ), edited by Lorraine Shannon, Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2012, p. 4.〕〔For the children's names, Rod McGuirk, ("Val Plumwood, 68, feminist, activist for the environment" ), Associated Press, 8 March 2008.〕〔For the son dying in 1988 and Plumwood tending his grave, Val Plumwood, "The Cemetery Wars: Cemeteries, Biodiversity and the Sacred," in Martin Mulligan and Yaso Nadarajah (eds.), ''Local-Global: identity, security and community'', Vol. 3. Special issue: Exploring the legacy of Judith Wright, 2007 (pp. 54–71), pp. 58–59.〕 Plumwood resumed her studies and graduated with first-class honours in 1965. Toward the end of her undergraduate studies she married the philosopher Richard Routley, another fellow student, and changed her name to Val Routley. They spent time travelling, living in the Middle East and UK, including Scotland for a year.〔 Returning to Australia, they became active in movements to preserve biodiversity and halt deforestation, and helped establish the trans-discipline known as ecological humanities. Referred to as Routley and Routley, from 1973 to 1982 they co-authored several notable papers on logic and the environment, becoming central figures in the debate about anthropocentrism and "human chauvinism." They also wrote the influential book ''The Fight for the Forests'' (1973), which analysed the damaging policies of the forestry industry in Australia; the demand for the book saw three editions published in three years.〔Deborah Bird Rose, ("Val Plumwood’s Philosophical Animism: attentive interactions in the sentient world" ), ''Environmental Humanities'', 3, 2013 (pp. 93–109), p. 94; Mulligan and Hill 2001, pp. 281–283.〕 Plumwood held positions at the University of Tasmania, North Carolina State University, the University of Montana, the University of Sydney and the Australian National University. In 1975 the couple built their home near Plumwood Mountain on the coast, 75 km from Canberra, an octagonal stone house on a 120-hectare clearing in a rainforest.〔Hyde 2014, pp. 85–87.〕 They divorced in 1981. Plumwood continued living in the house and changed her name again after the divorce, this time naming herself after the mountain, which in turn is named after the ''Eucryphia moorei'' tree. Routley changed his to Richard Sylvan (''sylvan'' for "of the forest") when he remarried in 1983; he died in 1996.〔 At the time of her death, Plumwood was Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University. She was found dead on 1 March 2008 in the house she had built with Routley; she is believed to have died the previous day, after suffering a stroke.〔("Snake blamed as academic found dead" ), Australian Associated Press, 3 March 2008. ("Val Plumwood died of natural causes: friend" ), Australian Associated Press, 6 March 2008. James Woodford, ("Philosopher as prey, a life of survival" ), ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 8 March 2008.〕〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Val Plumwood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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